Optigal's Refraction Basics for Opticians
As technology advances, the optician's role becomes more collaborative and integral to the evolving optometric scope of practice. This book introduces refraction, fostering better communication among those who fit eyewear and contacts and their fellow eyecare professionals. It enables you to use this information to make the best eyewear recommendations for your consumer,, strengthening the bond and collaboration within the eyecare team.
As technology advances, the optician's role becomes more collaborative and integral to the evolving optometric scope of practice. This book introduces refraction, fostering better communication among those who fit eyewear and contacts and their fellow eyecare professionals. It enables you to use this information to make the best eyewear recommendations for your consumer,, strengthening the bond and collaboration within the eyecare team.
As technology advances, the optician's role becomes more collaborative and integral to the evolving optometric scope of practice. This book introduces refraction, fostering better communication among those who fit eyewear and contacts and their fellow eyecare professionals. It enables you to use this information to make the best eyewear recommendations for your consumer,, strengthening the bond and collaboration within the eyecare team.
Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1 ANATOMY OF THE EYE 7
EXTRAOCULAR STRUCTURES 7
Eyebrows 7
Eyelids 7
The Bony Orbital Cavity 9
Extraocular Muscles 10
Precorneal Tear Film 13
THE TUNICS OF THE EYE 21
The Outer Tunic 21
The Middle Tunic 25
Inner Tunic 28
THE VISUAL PATHWAY 31
THE CHAMBERS OF THE EYE 31
Anterior and Posterior Chamber 31
Aqueous Humor 31
Aqueous Flow 32
Vitreous Chamber 32
CHAPTER 2 PHYSIOLOGY 33
EMMETROPIA 33
NON-STANDARD EMMETROPIA 33
Ametropia 33
Hyperopia 34
Myopia 35
Astigmatism 35
PRESBYOPIA 38
Environmental 38
Abnormal Physiology 38
Normal With Aging Physiology 38
BINOCULAR REFRACTION 38
Isometropia 38
Anisometropia 39
Antimetropia 39
Aniseikonia 39
ABNORMAL PHYSIOLOGY 40
Lid 40
Cornea 40
Conjunctiva 42
Middle Tunic 42
Retinal 44
CONDITIONS AND SYSTEMIC CONDITIONS 46
Albinism 46
Diabetes 46
Grave’s Disease 46
Marfan Syndrome 47
Rheumatoid Arthritis 47
Sjogren’s Syndrome 48
SURGICAL PROCEDURES 48
Laser in-situ keratomileusis 48
Photorefractive keratectomy 48
Intracorneal ring segments 49
Refractive lens exchange 49
Phakic Intraocular Lens Implants 49
Limbal Relaxing Incision 49
COMMON PHARMACEUTICALS AND THEIR IMPACT 49
Decongestants 49
Antihistamines 50
Over-the-Counter Ocular Drops 50
Birth Control Pills and Other Hormones 50
Acne Medicine 50
Antidepressants, Parkinson's Medications, and Sleeping Pills 50
Blood Pressure Medicines 50
CHAPTER 3 SUPPLEMENTAL TESTING 51
Pre-Assessment 51
Fact Gathering 51
PRE-TESTING AND SUPPLEMENTAL TESTING 51
Autorefraction 52
Keratometry 52
Color Vision 54
Visual Field 55
Binocular Vision Testing 56
Cover Test 56
Near Point Convergence Test 57
Stereopsis 57
Visual Acuity Without a Phoropter 58
Visual Acuity 58
Converting 20-Foot Notation 59
Accommodation 60
CHAPTER 4 BIOMICROSCOPY 62
Ocular Conditions 64
Illumination 65
IFilters 67
Blue Cobalt 67
Green 68
Wratten #12 Yellow 68
CHAPTER 5 CORNEAL MEASUREMENTS AND KERATOMETRY 69
Verifying the Calibration of the Keratometer 75
limitations of the Keratometer 75
Autokeratometry 75
Corneal Topography76
Axial Map 76
Tangential Map 76
CHAPTER 6 THE REFRACTION 77
Refractive Medication and the cycloplegic refraction 77
Mydriatics 77
Miotics 77
Anesthetics 77
Cycloplegics 78
Cycloplegic Refraction 78
RETINOSCOPY: The Objective Refraction 79
The Retinoscope 79
Retinoscopy 79
Objective Refraction Process 80
“BETTER OR WORSE” – The Subjective Refraction 83
Baseline Starting Point Selection and Verification 83
Trial and Error Method 83
Cylindrical Axis and Power Finalization and Refinement 85
Spherical Lens Refinement and Stabilization 87
Pinhole Testing 88
Binocular Balancing 88
Near Vision Correction 90
CHAPTER 7 CHARTING 92
Charting Abbreviations 92
Mistakes in Charting 98
SOAP 98
Subjective 98
Objective 98
Assessment 99
CHART EXAMPLE 99
ILLUSTRATOR’S BIOGRAPHY 102